Burial of National Icons
• There is one National Heroes Acre in Zimbabwe, situated in the capital in Harare.
• There are also provincial Heroes Acres scattered around the country as well as District Heroes Acres.
• these burial grounds are used to preserve our history, reflect our past and show our national identity.
• there is a tower which symbolises independence, an AK47 symbolising our struggle for independence and the tomb of the unknown soldier commemorating those who died during the liberation struggle but whose bodies were never identified.
National Monuments
• among others, there is the Chinoyi caves, Old Bulawayo, Khami ruins, Great Zimbabwe and the Njelele Shrines.
Significance of these Monuments
• these monuments signify:
- a spiritual connection with our ancestors
- a source of income through tourism
- a source of historical information
The national School Pledge
• the purpose of the school pledge:
1. it raises a sense of patriotism.
2. prepares committed cadres who can defend the nation’s interests
This is the pledge:
Almighty God in whose hands our future lies
I salute the national flag
Respect the brave mothers and fathers
Who lost lives in the Chimurenga / Umvukela
We are proud inheritors of the richness of our national resources
We are proud creators and participants
Of our vibrant traditions and cultures
So I commit to honesty and the dignity of hard work
The National Flag: Colours and symbolism
• The national flag of Zimbabwe is made up of five different colours: Green, gold, red, black and white.
• Officially, the colours of the flag of Zimbabwe carry political, regional, and cultural meanings.
- Green represents the agriculture and rural areas of Zimbabwe.
- Yellow stands for the wealth of minerals in the country, predominantly gold.
- The red symbolises the blood shed during the first and second Chimurenga (wars) in the "struggle for independence".
- The black indicates the heritage, race and ethnicity of the black majority.
- The white triangle is a symbol for peace.
- The golden bird, known as the "Great Zimbabwe Bird" is the national symbol of Zimbabwe and is most likely a representation of the Bateleur eagle or the African fish eagle. It "exemplifies the strong bond that ancestral humans had with animals, nature and spiritual guides" and it is treated with a high level of importance and respect.
- The red star represents the nation's aspirations, taken to be socialism as promoted by the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), and whose party flag was used as the basis for the flag of the nation.
The National Anthem:
• it was written by Professor Solomon Mutsvairo of the University of Zimbabwe and is in three languages, Shona, Ndebele and English.
• It is sung every morning on the ZTV, at National gatherings, the opening of Sporting Festivals, at Schools Assemblies and at Football Tournaments involving Zimbabwe Soccer National team and teams from other countries.
Purpose of the National Anthem:
• Reminds the nation that it was born out of War of Liberation.
• That Zimbabwe was born out of the blood of our heroes.
• It calls on the citizens to be prepared to defend the nation against all foes.
• It praises God to bless the land.
• It is the rallying point of the nation.
• It unites and inspires the people.
• It cultivates and promotes nationalism.
• It cultivates patriotism.
• It encourages commitment to national development.
The constitution of Zimbabwe
Strengths
• it presents a government for the people
• provides basic rights for people’s
• spells out the functions and powers of the government
Weaknesses
• it does not clearly cater for the separation of the three arms of state
• systematic checks and balances are not clearly outlined
• the executive presidency is too powerful as an individual. The president is immune to any prosecution.
• it was adapted from the Rhodesian constitution, not 100% suited for Zimbabwe.
Sources of law:
1. Customs law / Natural law
• These are behaviour patterns man developed according to his instincts and the rules of conduct he adopts to meet environmental challenges (social customs and legal customs that include African /Traditional Customs, Societal values, Norms, Beliefs, etc.)
• It is the constant application and repetition of habits that leads to the development of firm customs, which all members of the community are obliged to comply.
• Social customs show duties s that may be obeyed
• Legal customs show duties that must be obeyed
2. Judicial precedent
• It is where a previous judicial decision in a novel case serves as a rule or guide for similar cases to heard in the future. ( In novel cases where a legal rule exists, a case may be decided on set precedents, that is, used judge’s principles, prudence and wise counsel.).
• Once court has given a ruling concerning the legal position applicable in a particular set of circumstances, this ruling becomes the law for the future.
3. Legislation /statute
• The law making process through parliament, crafting of binding rules of law in a precise well-defined form by a body legally constituted. (A person or body of persons having power to pass laws that keeps pace with the changing conditions in a community.)
• Creates laws known as Acts or statutes and it has the power to amend or repeal / cancel laws already in existence.
• It is the most important and modern source of law.
• Also has statutory instruments or subsidiary legislation, which are enactments that provide for detailed Administration of the Act and implementation of Principles, involved, e.g. Rules Proclamations, By-laws, Orders and Notices.
• Debate and passed by Parliament, Acts, Statutory Instruments Proclamations, By–Laws, Delegated Authorities, Orders, Statutes etc.
4. Roman Dutch Law
• It is function of the ancient Roman law and Dutch customary practices.
• Roman Law spread with e spread of the Roman Empire. Thus as the Romans occupied the Netherlands, they spread their law which got infused with Dutch customs producing Roman Dutch Law.
• When the Duct colonised the Cape in 1652, they made the Roman and Dutch law the law of the land.
• Roman and Dutch law was spread to Zimbabwe by the BSAC, which had been asked by the high Commissioner at the Cape to make it law of the colony
• Although we call it Roman- Law in Zimbabwe, it also has traits of the English law for example, Insurance law, banking law and Company Law, etc.
Features of the constitution
• the constitution provides for 3 tiers of the governments whose purpose is to:
1. ensure economic growth and stability
2. promote good governance
3. create healthy competition within the economy
4. create accountability and promote transparency.
• the three tiers of the government are:
1. national government
2. provincial and metropolitan government
3. local government
The national Government
• it is made up of the three arms of the government which are:
1. the executive: implements and puts laws into action.
2. the judiciary: interpret and safeguards the law and.
3. legislative arm: proposes and debates on new bills that are submitted to the executive.
• each arm is meant to be independent and impartial, with clear separation of powers.
Provincial and Metropolitan Government
• the provincial council has a chairperson, senators elected from within the province, two chiefs, a president and his deputy plus the members of parliament whose constituencies are part of the province.
• to run for the position of MP, a Zimbabwean citizen must be 21 years of age and those above 40 years of age qualify to run as Senators.
Metropolitan Councils
• a metropolitan council in Zimbabwe is headed by a mayor, his deputy and the MPs of the metropolitan area plus all members of the National Assembly.
Functions of Provincial and Metropolitan Councils
• planning and implementing social and economic development activities within the area under their jurisdiction.
• planning and implementing governmental programmes, measures of conservation, improvement and management of natural resources.
• exercising legislative functions as imposed on them by the Parliament.
Local Government
• these are the authorities that represent, govern and manage the affairs of the people in urban and rural areas.
• local authorities are empowered to govern the affairs of their area as a bid to promote development in local communities and they can also make by-laws.
• to lead local government, individuals take part in elections as provided for in the national constitution.
• for metropolitan areas, a mayor in elected from amongst the councillors.
The Declaration of the Bill of Rights
• the Zimbabwean constitution provides for the following rights and freedoms for all of its citizens:
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
48. Right to life.
49. Right to personal liberty.
50. Rights of arrested and detained persons.
51. Right to human dignity.
52. Right to personal security.
53. Freedom from torture or cruel,inhuman or degrading treatment orpunishment.
54. Freedom from slavery or servitude
55. Freedom from forced or compulsorylabour.
56. Equality and non-discrimination.
57. Right to privacy.
58. Freedom of assembly andassociation.
59. Freedom to demonstrate and petition.
60. Freedom of conscience.
61. Freedom of expression and freedomof the media.
62. Access to information.
63. Language and culture.
64. Freedom of profession, trade oroccupation.
65. Labour rights.
66. Freedom of movement andresidence.
67. Political rights.
68. Right to administrative justice.
69. Right to a fair hearing.
70. Rights of accused persons.
Other Special Rights
71. Property rights.
72. Rights to agricultural land.
73. Environmental rights.
74. Freedom from arbitrary eviction.
75. Right to education.
76. Right to health care.
77. Right to food and water.
78. Marriage rights.
ELABORATION OF CERTAIN RIGHTS
80. Rights of women.
81. Rights of children.
82. Rights of the elderly.
83. Rights of persons with disabilities.
84. Rights of veterans of the liberationstruggle.
Indigenous entitlements for Women
Mother in Law’s / Mombe yeumai /
• this is a heifer given to the mother in law by the son in law as part of the bridal price. This cow must not have given birth at any point. When it eventually does, the mother in law invites the son in law to slaughter the beast and it is eaten as part of a feast.
• the cow is a symbol and token of appreciation for the mother’s work, from giving birth to her daughter and raising her.
Mother’s field / Tseuyamai /
• this is a small field given to the mother to plant crops of her own choosing.
• in Shona tradition, this peice of land would be used to plant legumes (peas, roundnuts, peanuts etc).
• this piece of land was given to her so as to empower her with a piece of land she could cultivate and sell produce of, making her own money.
• upon the passing on of the mother, the grains she had in stock are sold and the proceeds given to her relatives. The field is then given to her children.
Indigenous entitlements for men
• fathers’ entitlements are a symbol of authority and protection for and in their families.
1. Father’s bull
• the father is given a bull by his son-in-law plus a kraal of an assortment of cattle whose number is dictated by culture of the tribe.
2. Lobola
• the father is entitled to most of the bride-price paid for the daughter.
4. Farmer’s field
• in some traditions, a father also got his own field similar to that of the mother although this is not a very common tradition. The returns on sale of produce were used by the father to buy his beer for example without having to take from the main harvest.
Systems of Governance
1. Autocracy
• an autocracy is a government controlled by one person with absolute power. As unlimited power tends to pollute, such regimes become brutal as the leaders cling onto their power forever.
• in an autocracy:
- the leader has a small group of advisers;
- his budget is funnelled more towards the army,
- the judicial system is heavily influenced by that leader,
- certain freedoms are very limited, such as freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of movement and freedom of religion.
2. Democracy
• a democracy is free and open system of rule that has leaders elected by majority vote and rule for a short period.
• supreme power is given to the people and if they fall out of love with any of their leaders, they can follow procedures to have the leaders removed from office.
• in a democracy there are:
- free, fair and regular elections to vote leaders into office.
- the judicial system is impartial and leaders only intervene when the system commits gross mistakes.
- all citizens can participate in any part of the country’s governance.
- there are clearly defined rights that are protected by the judicial system and upheld as long as they do not get in the way of other people’s rights.
Zimbabwean Democratic rule
• Zimbabwe became a country on 18 April 1980 from the colonial Rhodesian rule and the first president was elected by popular vote (Robert Mugabe) of ZanuPF.
3. Monarchy
• in a monarchy, a state is governed by a king or emperor and power is handed down in the family though heirs.
• the family has ultimate power in the nation and handle all affairs of governance.
Central Government
1. The Executive
• an executive is an individual or group of people who are entrusted with the duty to run an organizational unit.
• in Zimbabwe, an elected president heads the state as well as the defence forces of the nation.
• the duties of the executive are:
- to initiate and co-ordinate policies that are used to govern the country.
- executing public policies, initiating and implementing government operations.
- conducting parliamentary affairs.
- drawing up and implementing domestic and foreign policy.
2. The Judiciary
• the judiciary interprets the law of the country.
• the judiciary includes the constitutional court, the supreme court, the high court and magistrates courts.
• the judiciary also has the duty of ensuring that the executive does not violate the law as it is stated in the constitution.
3. Legislative arm
• these are the elected officials, politicians who are responsible for proposing and debating on the laws of the country. They can only propose as the president may still refuse to sign a bill into action (he may sit on it for a defined period until it expires).
• the parliament represent the people and also approve a proposed national budget.
Social Services
• the older, Rhodesian government was accused of being biased towards the White minority race and putting their needs before those of the black majority. This was evident in the way black people were treated (black people had no right to vote, lived by a curfew, were not permitted to drink clear beer, were not allowed to buy from certain stores).
• the newer Zimbabwean government made changes that saw all citizens getting fair and equal treatment regardless of race, tribe or religion. Social services such as education, health, transport and shelter were made accessible to every citizen without biased social classification.
The Electoral System
ZEC
• this is the body selected from the judiciary whose functions are:
- voter education and registration
- electoral conflict resolution
- conducting and monitoring elections at various levels in the country’s
- ZEC is headed by a chairperson, his/her deputy, chief election officers and electoral commissioners.
The Electoral Process
• a political party or individual may submit to the elections. In the case of political parties, a primary election is held and party representatives are picked using these votes.
• before party elections, the party’s voters’ roll is inspected by other party members to ensure no fraud is taking place.
• a party manifesto is drawn up: this is what the party promises to the people should they elect its candidate into power.
• ZEC then enlists the help of the police, army and civil service to conduct the elections and only ZEC is allowed to officially announce election results.
• the electoral process then follows these steps:
- the parliament is dissolved.
- the voters’ roll is closed and statistics compiled.
- voter education takes place
- a nomination court is held and suitable candidates are given the green light.
- voting begins with accredited observers monitoring that the electoral process is free and fair.
- ZEC announces the vote and those elected are sworn into office.
Citizen Rights and Responsibilities
• Zimbabwean sovereign power is vested in its citizens. They exercise their sovereign power either directly or through their democratically elected representatives.
• Every person has the right to lodge a case in court if a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights is denied, violated or threatened.
Every person is entitled to the following rights and fundamental freedoms:
1.Right to life;
2.The right to equality, equal protection and equal benefit in law;
3.Human dignity;
4.Freedom and security;
5.Protection from slavery, servitude & forced labour;
6.Freedom of conscience, religion, belief and opinion;
7.Freedom of expression;
8.Freedom of the media;
9.Right of access to information;
10.Freedom of association;
11.Right of assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition;
12.Political rights;
13.Freedom of movement and residence;
14.Protection of right to property;
15.Fair labour practices;
16.Right to a clean and healthy environment;
17.Right to economic and social rights (health, housing, food, water, social security & education)
18.Right to use of language and culture of one’s preference;
19.Consumer rights;
20.Fair administrative action;
21.Right of access to justice; and
22.Right to a fair hearing.
• Zimbabweans have an obligation to ensure people serving in the independent Commissions are properly vetted as they are tasked to protect the sovereignty of the people, ensure the State organs keep democratic values and principles and promote constitutionalism.
• Members of the public have the right of access to parliamentary sittings and those of its committees and can give contributions.
• The Executive authority (the Presidency) obtains its power from the citizens of Zimbabwe and acts as empowered by the constitution.
• The judiciary obtains its power from Zimbabwean citizens and acts through the courts and tribunals.
• Alternative forms of dispute resolution including reconciliation, mediation, arbitration and traditional dispute resolution mechanisms are promoted provided they do not go against the Bill of Rights.
• Devolution gives power of self-governance to the people and grants them opportunity for greater participation in the exercise of the powers of the State and in decision making. It also recognizes the right of communities to manage their own affairs and further their development.
• County assemblies are expected to conduct their business in an open manner and hold all their sittings and committee meetings in public.
• All national security organs - the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF), the National Intelligence Service and the National Police Service (ZRO) – are sub-ordinate to civilian authority.
• Citizens have the right to propose an amendment to the constitution by popular initiative signed by at least one million registered voters.
• Every Zimbabwean has the right to start court proceedings, if the constitution has been contravened or is threatened with contravention.
Responsibilities
• Regardless of the presence of elected representatives:
• Every citizen has an obligation to respect, uphold and defend Zimbabwe’s sovereignty.
• Citizens also have a responsibility to live out the national values and principles of: patriotism, national unity, sharing and devolution of power, the rule of law, democracy and participation of the people.
• They are to uphold human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, non-discrimination and protection of the marginalized.
• In addition, citizens should ensure good governance, integrity and accountability are upheld.
• Every Zimbabwean has the responsibility to uphold the rights and fundamental freedoms in the Bill of Rights and to ensure they are observed in making social, economic and cultural policies.
• Every person has a duty to cooperate with the State to protect and conserve the environment and the country’s natural resources and ensure sustainable development is carried out.
• Citizens are expected to monitor how state officers are functioning to ensure the guiding principles of leadership and integrity are respected and maintained. The guiding principles include:
1. Selection based on personal integrity, competence and suitability or election in a free and fair election;
2. Objectivity and impartiality in decision making and in ensuring decisions are not influenced by nepotism, favouritism and other improper practices;
3. Selfless service based on public interest is maintained;
4. Accountability to the public for decisions and actions; and
5. Discipline and commitment in service to the people.
• Citizens should promote the realization of the principles of the electoral system. The electoral system principles include:
- Freedom of citizens to exercise their political rights;
- Not a more than two thirds of the members of the elective public bodies shall be of the same gender;
- Fair representation of persons with disabilities;
- Universal suffrage based on the aspiration for fair representation and equality of vote; and
- Free and fair elections which are:
1.By secret ballot;
2.Free from violence, intimidation, improper influence or corruption;
3.Conducted by an independent body;
4.Transparent; and
5.Administered in an impartial neutral, efficient, accurate and accountable manner.
• Adult Zimbabweans are expected to vote the right people to office by participating in elections.
• The electorate has the right and responsibility to recall their Member of Parliament before the end of their term in office.
• Citizens can also petition Parliament to consider matters within its authority and enact, amend or repeal legislation.
• Citizens also have an obligation to ensure presidential candidates meet the qualifications for the post.
• Zimbabweans have the responsibility to ensure Executive authority is exercised in a manner that serves them and for their well-being and benefit.
• County assemblies should facilitate public participation and involvement in the legislative and other business of the assembly including its committees.
• Public participation in the public finance process is expected and the government has to maintain openness and accountability through the structure to promote an equitable society.
• Members of the public must be involved in the public-service policymaking process.
• The public must also hold all public service institutions accountable for their work.
• Citizens have to ensure the government protects its people rights and freedoms and the country against internal and external threats to its territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Citizens are obligated to ensure the constitution is interpreted in a manner that promotes its purposes, values and principles, advances rule of law, human rights and Bill of Rights, permits development of the law and contributes to good governance.
Gender Roles
• Zimbabwean society is generally very patriarchal. While there are some minority tribal groups that are matrilocal and matrilineal, men generally hold more decision-making power. Within the family, the oldest male (usually the father) is the patriarch and is expected to be the breadwinner for the entire household.
• The oldest brother/male child is then thought of as the second father.
• The women are typically expected to be obedient to their husband and not to disagree or challenge his views. A woman may have more authority over family members that are not her husband. For example, an aunt (tete) has more power to openly criticise and preside over family disputes. However, generally men are more commanding of the public sphere and political leadership is male dominated.
• Those women who are educated and engaging in wage-labour are starting to seek more decision-making power. Currently, law based on cultural customs discriminates against their rights to part-time work and inheritance.
• Traditionally, Zimbabwean women engage in much of the labour and farming required in day-to-day operation. Their traditional economic activities include gardening, raising poultry and baking to supply additional household goods and income.
• Many men have migrated to urban centres for work, leaving elders, women and children in rural areas. This has led to a rise in female-headed households whereby women have to look after everyone in the family. Women now outnumber men in the agricultural sector.
Marriage and Dating
• Marriage and dating practices vary between the rural and urban areas. The practices may also be influenced by the couple’s social attitudes and reasons for marriage. For example, online dating can be very popular in the cities, whereas in some regional areas, parents may exclusively choose their children’s partners.
• Commonly, Zimbabwean couples date privately and only tell their parents of their relationship once they are ready to get married.
• The most common unions among Zimbabweans are unregistered customary marriages. • These are customary marriages that are not legally recognised because the man and woman have fulfilled the cultural marriage ceremonies without signing the marriage register.
• Many Zimbabweans may not know they have to register their marriage for the couple to get the legal benefits, or do not wish to travel to the nearest city or church to get the official approval by a registered marriage officer. However, the result is that not all married couples are entitled to the same benefits and rights – particularly women.
• Divorce is generally rare in Zimbabwe as it is highly stigmatised. Being a predominantly Christian nation, marriage is regarded as a sacred union, and to break it can be interpreted as a sin. While rates of divorce are increasing, numbers remain low.
Gender Inequality
• this is unequal treatment of people in society based on their gender
• Examples include:
- giving boys more advantage to go to school and become academics who can earn a living independently. This leads to women becoming financially dependent, illiterate, submissive to their husbands and being treated like pets in the household.
- violence against women, rape and sexual assault.
- child marriages where young girls are forced to enter into marriage with older men.
- unfair representation in legislation where women may not be allowed to vote, or hold executive office.
Civic Duties and Responsibilities
• a duty is something we are compelled to do such as:
- obey the law
- pay our taxes
- defend the nation and be patriotic
- when needed by law, serve in court
• a responsibility is something expected of us but we can choose not to do, like:
- be an informed citizen (some people do not care how a country is run or have any concern for current affairs).
- voting
- volunteering our services to assist those in need
- running for electoral office
Discuss the factors that led to the rise of nationalism in southern Rhodesia among Africans from 1898-1965.
· Land alienation / exploitation / creation of reserves – Land Apportionment Act (LAA).
· Loss of sovereignty / loss of traditional powers by chiefs.
· Job colour – bar reservation, skilled, semi – skilled for whites and unskilled labour and low salaries for Africans according to the Industrial Conciliation Act (1934).
· Brutalities e.g. at work places.
· Pass Laws – restricting freedom of movement.
· Lack of voting rights – inadequate parliamentary representation.
· Educational bottlenecks / racial imbalances in education / racists education e.g. group A and B schools.
· Forced labour e.g. in mines, public works.
· Taxation – hut tax, cattle tax, etc.
· Poor working conditions – low salaries / wages, not allowed to form trade unions, poor housing, unhealthy working conditions.
· Colonial Legislation – Masters and Servants Act (1901), Maize Control Act (1934), Land Husbandry Act (1951).
Discuss the results of the partition and colonisation of Africa by European powers.
Positive Results
· Spread of Christianity and Education.
· Introduction of new methods of Farming.
· A wide variety of food for the people – increase in population.
· New medicines, hospitals and clinics – increase in population.
· Construction of roads and railways.
· Growth of towns, industries and new forms of employment.
· End of slave trade and slavery – indigenous people needed in Africa to work in the mines, farms and industries in Africa itself.
Negative Results
§ Loss of independence and power by the local indigenous rulers.
§ European exploitation and plundering of African resources.
§ African natural resources taken to Europe to develop European Industries and European wealth and Capitalism.
§ Undermining of traditional society, culture and religion.
§ Wars and loss of life during the Partition and Colonisation as Africans were resisting the partition.
§ Africans were dispossessed of their land and freedom.
§ Drastically change in Africa’s political structure.
§ Africans were discriminated against and were politically and socially oppressed.
Discuss the social and economic achievements of the Zimbabwean government between 1980 and 1990.
Social achievements:
Education:
§ Reconstruction of schools.
§ Building new schools.
§ Expansion of primary and secondary education.
§ Expansion of technical education, teacher training and
§ University education.
Health:
· Additional health facilities i.e. clinics and hospitals.
· Training of more health personnel.
· Employment of expatriate personnel.
· Free health services up to 1990.
Social Welfare facilities:
· School fees, hospital fees, catering for the blind and disabled, drought relief.
Co-operatives:
· Social and economic, to encourage people to work together, irrigation schemes, poultry projects, bread making, sewing and knitting cooperatives
Legislation:
· Legal age of majority Act – 18 years. Voting and independent decisions, human rights, freedom of expression, Labour Relations Act.
Economic Achievements:
· Subsidies on basic commodities.
· Parastatals, expansion of economic Activities and employment.
· Government shares in strategic industries e.g. NRZ, ZISCO, ZESA, and Hwange Colliery.
· Resettlement of peasant farmers.
· Price controls.
· Minimum Wage Act 1980.
· Training of manpower – ZIMDEF.
· Agricultural expansion.
Explain the meaning and purpose of:
(a). The National Flag
(b). The National Anthem
The National Flag
Was worked out at independence and has the following Features:
Colours
· Green - representing the country’s Agriculture and Vegetation [Flora & Fauna].
· Red – representing the blood of Heroes shed during the War of liberation.
· Black – representing the Black majority of Zimbabwe.
· Yellow –representing the country’s mineral wealth.
· White – Peace and Reconciliation, which came with the Independence of Zimbabwe.
· The Red Star – The country’s Socialist Ideals.
· The Zimbabwe Bird – Our distant Origins and powers in History and Civilisation.
Purpose and Significance:
· Carries the important message of peace, freedom, equality, co-operation and independence.
· An achievement which marked the end of the War and independence
· Represent Statehood and maturity.
· Indicates the authority and the existence of the State of Zimbabwe
· Indicates / States the Sovereignty of Zimbabwe.
· Promotes unity and nationalism.
· Reminds us of the country’s resources.
The National Anthem:
Introduction
Was written by Professor Solomon Mutsvairo of the University of Zimbabwe and is in three languages, Shona, Ndebele and English. It issang every morning on the ZTV, at National gatherings, the opening of Sporting Festivals, at Schools Assemblies and at Football Tournaments involving Zimbabwe Soccer National team and teams from other countries.
Purpose of the National Anthem:
· Reminds the nation that it was born out of War of Liberation.
· That Zimbabwe was born out of the blood of our heroes.
· It calls on the citizens to be prepared to defend the nation against all foes.
· It praises God to bless the land.
· It is the rallying point of the nation.
· It unites and inspires the people.
· It cultivates and promotes nationalism.
· It cultivates patriotism.
· It encourages commitment to national development.
Explain the causes and objectives of the thirdChimurenga?
Introduction:
The Third Chimurenga is the struggle by the people of Zimbabwe to regain possession of the means of production, e.g. land that had largely been in the hands of the white settlers for more than one hundred years. This struggle is a follow-up to the First and Second Chimurengaespecially of the latter, which brought about political independence.
Causes of the Third Chimurenga:
The Lancaster House Agreement
· Which legalised the maintenance and continued possession of the land by the settlers.
· Controlled the legislative competency and sovereignty of the new State through the “willing seller, willing buyer” clause, which was not meaningfully implemented.
· Britain’s failure to honour the Lancaster Agreement by not funding the Land Reform.
· Continued economic marginalisation of the indigenous people.
· The Land Donor Conference of 1998 and failure by the donors to fund the land reform programme.
· White settlers and the British support for the opposition party, which was against the land reform programme.
Objectives of the Third Chimurenga:
· To repossess and re-distribute land among the landless indigenous people of Zimbabwe.
· To emphasise the country’s sovereignty and independence.
· To fight neo – colonialism and remove the vestiges of imperialism.
· To gain possession of other means of production.
· To encourage the indigenous people to participate in all the business and economic Activities of the country.
· To facilitate the possession of capital with which to start a business.
· To translate the victory in armed combat of the Second Chimurenga into a social and economic victory.
“Every individual in a State is expected to carryout civic responsibilities” State any five civic responsibilities and explain their meaning and purpose?
Definition:
Civic responsibilities are the social, economic and political and cultural obligations and responsibilities that every citizen is expected to carryout in the society for his/her benefit and for the common good of the country.
Civic Responsibility
Diseases And Health Management
Personally avoiding drugs and excessive drinking in order to be productive and maintain good healthy relations with others. To assist in preventing the spread of diseases such as AIDS, EBOLA, SARS, etc. by avoiding irresponsible behaviour.
Disaster Management
Helping by donating food, clothes and shelter to victims of disasters.
Preventing the occurrence of accidents at work so as to help in controlling injury and destruction of property and equipment.
Defending The Nation
Spreading the good name of the country, Payingtax to assist in building public revenue, preserving cultural value and being patriotic.
Economic Responsibilities
Working hard and being productive, being creative, establishing businesses, using resources economically, exposing corruption and theft.
Political Civic Responsibilities
The citizens must be constructive in political discussion, registering as a voter and voting in all elections, Cherishing and respecting unity and national heritage and respecting and tolerating other races, tribes, religions, opinions and beliefs.
Discuss the role of the media in Zimbabwe and how it has shaped the perceptions and values of Zimbabwe Society?
The Role Of The Media
· Entertain the masses/people.
· Educate the masses.
· Inform the public.
Extended Role of the Media
· Shape perceptions.
· Create opinions
· Shape response patterns to issues.
· Peers the public positive and pragmatic thinking.
· Influence thinking and decision-making.
The media in the contemporary world:
· Propagate Cultural values from foreign countries.
· Propagate Global issues with elusive principles.
· Imposition of ideologies e.g. neo – liberalism, moral values e.g. homosexuality and military protest.
· Politicising of socio- economic issues e.g. land issue of Zimbabwe.
Impact on shaping perceptions in Zimbabwe
· Media has cultivated negative opinions.
· Built self-denial in Zimbabweans.
· Lack of identity.
Justify the 1998 Land acquisition process
Social Reasons
· A society is identified by the ownership of resources particularly land.
· Need of re-distribution of land equitably.
· Population pressure especially in communal areas.
· Create space for urban infrastructural development especially accommodation.
Political:
· Land was the major grievance of the first and second Chimurenga.
· Failure of the Lancaster House Agreement.
· Failure of Land Amendment Act (1992).
· 1998 Land Donor Conference
Economics
· Land is the major means of production for Zimbabwe and need to transform political liberation to economic liberation by empowering the black majority.
· Land reform was necessary to gain control and access to strategic resources like minerals, flora and fauna which were/still in the hands of a minority white population.
· Need to utilise idle land so as to achieve optimum economic growth.
Justify the rise of mass nationalism from 1948 – 1978
Introduction: African resented their loss of independence.
Grievances / Causes
· Long standing political and economic issues remained unresolved.
· Negative effects of successive settler legislation on land distribution e.g. Land Apportionment Act; Land Husbandry Act, Land Tenure Act.
· Dispossession of Traditional Territories and translocation to overcrowded dry, tsetse fly infested reserves fuelled the resentment.
· Loss of major means of production.
Issues
· Resentment of coercive labour resentment tactics like Chibharo.
· Resentment over unfair labour legalisation e.g. passes laws, industrial Cancellation Act.
· Rise of militant Trade Unions in 1940s as a reaction to settler indifference to labour problems.
· Violent / ruthless suppression of African strikes and repressive laws.
· Discrimination at work places and repressive laws.
· Rise to independence / loss of independence.
· Political.
Identify 5 Acts Of Parliament Used To Disadvantage
Indigenous People From 1898 – 1975
· (Native Reserves Order Council 1898.
· Hut Tax 1903.
· Dog Tax and Land Bank Acts 1912.
· European Produce Act 1917.
· Morris Charter Commission 1925.
· Land Apportionment Act 1934.
· Cattle Levy Act 1934.
· Industrial Conciliation Act 1934.
· Racial discrimination 1934.
· Maize Control Act.
· Land Husbandry Act 1951.
Discuss briefly the following parliamentary terms
· Motion – Is a proposed topic presented/moved for debate. A notice is given before the motion is moved.
· Bill –Is a proposed legislation for public or private interests. There are public Bills and private Bills.
· Mace – This is the symbol of authority for the House of Assembly, the Speaker of Parliament uses it.
· Act – Is a legal item or statute enacted through Parliament and signed by his excellence.
· Caucus –Is a place where party business is discussed in the House. The chief whip chairs caucus motions.
· Hansard – is the official publication of parliament, produced in verbatim, all the discussion, motions and debates in the House of Assembly
· Order Paper – It is also referred to as the agenda for the House of Assembly. It shows the votes and proceedings of the House.
· Standing Order – An order/ rule procedure set to govern the proceedings of the House at large. Assembly and or Parliament at large
· Parliamentary privilege – Is a privilege granted to members of Parliament to protect them from legal course as long as their behaviour or Actions are in the interest or said during parliamentary proceedings
· Precedent –Is a ruling for future reference, where a situation occurs and there are no standing rules and orders governing or stipulating otherwise on a certain case or process. The leader of the House often sets such precedents during votes and proceedings of the House.
· Election- can be defined as a contest in which individuals freely choose, by secrete ballot, the leaders and representatives they want.
· Voters-these are individuals that are given the opportunity to choose from various candidates representing different political parties-mulitipartism.
List Five Functions Of Parliament
· To make law.
· To approve / disapprove of national budget.
· To monitor line ministries’ expenditure.
· To review / amend laws.
· To debate the Presidential address /speech.
· Sending adhoc committees to investigate problem areas e.g. committee on education.
Discuss The Objectives Of Donor Countries In Giving Aid To Developing Countries And The Merits And Demerits Of Foreign Aid To Developing Countries.
· Foreign Aid is the transfer of concessional resources from one government to another or from a government to aid international aid agency or any NGO, which then transfers those resources to poor nations.
Objectives
· Goal of promoting development in less developed countries
· Reflecting on the humanitarian values
· Gaining diplomatic recognition
· Establishing military bases
· Obtaining a supportive vote e.g. in the Un
· Maintaining a cordial relationship with a recipient government where other foreign Governments are also providing Aid
Merits
· Assist in the development of the recipient country
· Help establish cordials relationships
· The donor countries obtain s supportive vote
· Helps in the balance of payments
· Creates employment through relief, advocacy and developmental
· Brings in new technology
· Brings relief in times of natural disasters such as drought, earthquakes, diseases, etc.
Demerits
· The donor country may interfere in the political systems of the recipient country, that is, by helping puppets to power for example in Zimbabwe, the Case Of the MDC.
· It can be aid with strings attached
· Can lead to further exploitation of the recipient country’s resources.
· The recipient country can develop a dependency syndrome
· The recipient country can become a dumping ground for irrelevant and out dated technology
· Donors may gain political mileage through their donations at the expense of the third world governments
May determine national Sovereignty of recipient countries
